申論 4二次世界大戰之前大多數東南亞國家為被殖民國家，獨立之後其教育發展仍可看見殖民時期的影響。下圖為東南亞國家中某國的學制圖，請依此圖指出殖民此國的帝國，並說明兩項殖民帝國對其教育制度的影響。（25 分）UniversitiesWorkplace(3-4 years for undergraduates)GCE 'A' Level/PolytechnicsAlternative QualificationsOther Qualifications(3 years)(Diploma)IntegratedJunior Colleges/Institute ofSpecialisedPrivately-SpecialProgrammeCentralisedTechnicalIndependentfundedEducationcombinesInstituteEducationSchools withSchoolsSchoolsSecondary and(2-3 years)(1-2 years)specialiseddetermineprovideJC education(GCE 'A' level)(Nitec/programmestheir ownEITHERwithout anHigher Nitec)to developcurriculumMainstreamintermediatestudents’and providecurriculumnationaltalents inmore optionswithexaminationspecific areasfor Singaporeprogrammes(4-6 years)Direct Admission to JCs/Polytechnics(4-6 years)studentscatering tos and polytechnics have autonomy in admitting(4-6 years)students’some studentsspecial needsORCustomisedspecialGCE 'O' Leveleducationcurriculum(4-6 years)sec 5N (A)GCE 'N' LevelSecondary1Secondary1Secondary1VocationalExpressNormalNormalCourseCourse(Academic)(Technical)(1-4 years)(4 years)CourseCourse[N(A)][N(T)](5 years)(4 years)Government/Specialised SchoolsSpecialisedPrivately-fundedSpecialGovernment-aided SchoolsIndependent SchoolsSchoolsEducation•Mainstream schools For students who•Autonomous Schools with enhanced can benefit from aniche programmesmore customisedFor studentsProvide moreFor students with•Independent Schools with greater and practice-basedwith talents inoptions forspecial needsautonomy in programmes and operationscurriculumspecific areasSingapore studentsDirect Admission to Secondary SchoolsSpecialised Independent Schools andIndependent Schools, Autonomous Schools,Privately-funded Schools have fullmainstream schools with niches of excellence , andautonomy in student admissionschools offering the Integrated Programme haveautonomy in admission of some of their studentsPrimary School Leaving Examination (PSLE)Primary Schools (6 years)All students follow a broad-based mainstream curriculum. Some schools offerniche programmes such as in aesthetics, sports and gifted education.資料來源：UNESCO IBE