申論 1Please give the definitions of the following terminologies in English.（每小題5 分，共25 分）㈠Striking㈡Ferry㈢Closest point of approach㈣Disabled vessel㈤Lightweight tonnage
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申論 2Please translate the following passage into English.（25 分）當值船副應以羅經精確測定接近船舶之方位，以作為及早偵測碰撞的方法。尤其是當接近一艘大型船舶或是接近一艘近距離船舶時，縱使些微的船位變化顯然可見時，碰撞危機仍可能存在。當值船副需按照1972年國際海上避碰規則可適用之規定及早採取正確的行動，隨後並應查看採取之行動是否已發生預期的效果。
申論 3Please translate the following passage into Chinese.Port State Control Officers (PSCOs) conduct general inspections of severalareas onboard to verify that the overall condition of the ship complies withthe International Maritime Organization (IMO) Conventions and domesticlaws. Once valid certificates or documents are not onboard or there are“clear grounds” to show that the condition of a ship, its equipment or itscrew does not substantially meet the requirements of relevant regulations, amore detailed inspection will be carried out.（15 分）Clear grounds may involve the following examples.（10 分）z Evidence of operational shortcomings revealed during the inspectionsz Involvement of the ship in accidents due to failure to comply with therelevant regulationsz Evidence, from the witnessing of fire or safety drills, that the crew arenot familiar with essential proceduresz Absence of an up-to-date muster list
申論 4Please answer the following questions.What is Bridge Resource Management (BRM)?（5分）Also, what are theInternational Convention on Standards of Training, Certification andWatchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) requirements for masters, chief matesand all officers in charge of a navigational watch?（5分）In addition,what are the important factors forming an effective BRM at the stages ofpassage planning and navigational operations?（15分）Please give youropinions in English.